The aim of this literature review was to identify the stages chronic kidney disease in dogs that have greater immune dysfunction and which cellular components innate humoral system are most affected by retention uremic toxins. Chronic is characterized being a serious irreversible disease, but common practice medical clinic for cats usually affects those advanced age. consequences can expand oth...

EXPANSION OF EXTRACELLULAR VOLUME manifests as peripheral and pulmonary edema in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and can lead to hospitalizations and death (1, 10). Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system, elevated levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), and activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone systems are thought to contribute to the volume overload associated with this disord...

The innervation of the kidney serves to influence the function of its component parts, for example, the blood vessels, the nephron (glomerulus, tubule), and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Alterations in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity produce significant changes in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, the reabsorption of water, sodium, and other ions, and the release of renin...

The effects of the calcium entry blocker nitrendipine on blood pressure (BP) and renal hemodynamics were studied in rats with angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. The ANG II was infused subcutaneously by implanted osmotic minipumps for 14 to 16 days. There was a progressive rise in BP in ANG II-infused rats to levels 58 mm Hg above basal by Day 10, whereas control rats with sham pumps ...

We propose that renal consults are enhanced by incorporating a nephrology-focused ultrasound protocol including ultrasound evaluation of cardiac contractility, the presence or absence of pericardial effusion, inferior vena cava size and collapsibility to guide volume management, bladder volume to assess for obstruction or retention, and kidney size and structure to potentially gauge chronicity ...

Forty-four adults with aspirin poisoning were treated with oral fluids only, standard forced alkaline diuresis, forced diuresis alone, or sodium bicarbonate (alkali) alone. Alkali alone was at least as effective and possibly more effective than forced alkaline diuresis in enhancing salicylate removal. Unlike the diuresis regimens it did not cause fluid retention or biochemical disturbances. The...

In this article, the pathophysiology of left ventricular failure is reviewed. By contrast, the paucity of information about pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular failure is acknowledged. The potential mechanisms whereby renal sodium and water retention in right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension can occur, despite normal left ventricular function, a...

Introduction: Nephropathy is defined as rational loss of renal function related with glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in nephropathy. Plantago major has antioxidant effects. The aim of present study is the investigation of the effect of Plantago major hydro-alcoholic extract on the oxidative stress and renal func...

a male patient with acute renal failure (arf) due to large b-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma infiltration of kidney is presented. the diagnosis was suspected because of coincidence of arf and tumor lysis syndrome non-responsive to conservative renal therapies. a renal biopsy confirmed diagnosis and appropriate chemotherapy led to complete improvement of renal function.