Abstract Ensuring the safety of existing structures is an important issue when planning and executing adjacent new foundation pit excavations. Hence, understanding stress state conditions experienced by soil element behind a retaining wall at given location during different excavation stages has been key observational modelling aspect performance By establishing carrying out sophisticated soil–...

The design of a gravity retaining wall should be simple to construct, quick build and the best economic solution problem. This can achieved by using advanced optimization methods. Since geotechnical engineers are not always able determine exact soil properties other project data, an optimal also determined for wide range input parameters. Therefore, multiparametric analysis designed was carried...

this research examines the behavior of soil-reinforced piles and applied loads based on the analytical method and by using the numerical results of flac3d software for comparison with the analytical results. the analysis was based on a method called virtual retaining wall, the following into consideration: an imaginary retaining wall that passes the footing edge the bearing capacity of footing ...

This paper presents an effective optimization method for nonlinear constrained optimization of retaining structures. The proposed algorithm is based on the particle swarm optimization with passive congregation. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the retaining wall. To applying the constraints, the algorithm e...