Evidence has accumulated that rod activation under mesopic and scotopic light levels alters visual perception and performance. Here we review the most recent developments in the measurement of rod and cone contributions to mesopic color perception and temporal processing, with a focus on data measured using a four-primary photostimulator method that independently controls rod and cone excitatio...

To investigate how rod signals influence hue perception and how this influence can be incorporated into opponent-color models, we measured the shift of unique-hue loci under dark-adapted conditions compared with cone-plateau conditions. Rod signals produced shifts of all spectral unique hues (blue, green, yellow) but in a pattern that was inconsistent with simple additive combinations of rod an...

Operative procedure The pedicle screws in the proximal site of osteotomy are not connected to the rod to permit spinal shortening in the postoperative course. When a connector is used between a pedicle screw and a rod, the connector is not fixed to the rod to allow it to slide on the rod. When a connector is not used, the rod is only placed in the screw head with reinforcement by some sets of c...

We have synthesized an amphiphilic triblock coil-rod-coil molecule consisting of a rigid aromatic building block and poly(ethylene oxide). The coil-rod-coil molecule was observed to assemble into a cylindrical micelle structure in aqueous solution. Notably, addition of a small amount of a rod-coil-rod molecule into the cylindrical micellar solution can induce the anisotropic gelation due to dyn...

When a natural gas pipeline ruptures, the adjacent automatic line control valves (ALCVs) should close quickly to prevent leakage or explosion. The differential pressure set point (DPS) at each valve location is the main criteria for value setting in ALCV action. If the DPS is not properly adjusted, the ALCV may mistakenly close or it may not take any action at proper time. This study focused on...

and accessory rods at PSO level. Testing evaluated (1) accessory Study Design. In vitro cadaveric biomechanical study. Objective. To assess effects of 4-rod reconstruction, rod material, and anterior column support on motion and surface rod strain in a pedicle subtraction osteotomy model. Summary of Background Data. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) can correct significant sagittal deformity ...

Rod amplitudes as a function of retinal illuminance were analyzed by determining the parameters of the best fit Naka-Rushton function for 15 normal subjects, 25 patients with rod-cone degeneration, and 10 patients with cone-rod degeneration. Rod b-wave implicit times were analyzed by determining the best linear fit to log retinal illuminance. Retinal illuminances necessary for a criterion b-wav...

SUGITA, Y. and TASAKI, K. Rods Also Participate in Human Color Vision. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1988, 154 (1), 57-62 In the retinal periphery, rod and cone thresholds to the same green light were measured. After the rod-cone break in the course of dark adaptation, cone sensitivity decreases gradually as rod sensitivity progressively increases. Cone sensitivity, however, increases when rod sensitivi...

At mesopic light levels, an incremental change in rod activation causes changes in color appearance. In this study, we investigated how rod mediated changes in color perception varied as a function of the magnitude of the rod contrast. Rod-mediated changes in color appearance were assessed by matching them with cone-mediated color changes. A two-channel four-primary colorimeter allowed independ...