in order to evaluate the efficiency of empirical competition models for simulation of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) yield at interference with redroot pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus l.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out. factors were weed densities (d1=1, d2= 4, d3= 8, d4=12 and d5=16 plants m-1 of row) and relative time o...

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using the C-band European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to estimate surface soil roughness in a semiarid rangeland. Radar backscattering coefficients were extracted from a dry and a wet season SAR image and were compared with 47 in situ soil roughness measurements obtained in the rocky soils of the Walnut G...

The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is updated every five years based on candidate model submissions by research institutions worldwide. In the call for the 11th generation of IGRF, candidates were requested for the definitive main field in 2005, the predicted main field in 2010, and the predicted secular variation from 2010 to 2015. The NOAA/NGDC candidate models for IGRF-11 w...

The zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is an important atmospheric parameter in the wide application of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) technology in geoscience. Given that the temporal resolution of the current global zenith tropospheric delay model (GZTD) is only 24 h, an improved model, GZTD2, has been developed by taking the diurnal variations into consideration and modifying the mo...

Estimating the distribution of impervious surface, a major component of the vegetation–impervious surface–soil (V–I–S) model, is important in monitoring urban areas and understanding human activities. Besides its applications in physical geography, such as run-off models and urban change studies, maps showing impervious surface distribution are essential for estimating socio-economic factors, s...

In this paper we introduce a parameter for the retrieval of the thickness of undeformed first-year sea ice that is specifically adapted to compact polarimetric (CP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The parameter is denoted as the “CP ratio”. In model simulations we investigated the sensitivity of the CP ratio to the dielectric constant, ice thickness, ice surface roughness, and radar inci...

Human infants show a preference for listening to speech, but little is known about how infants listen to other naturally occurring sounds. Here, we test infants’ listening bias for speech against a range of naturally occurring sounds that share properties of speech to varying extents and we aim to better characterize the speech properties that attract infant attention. We compared 3-month-olds’...

Previously-obtained data, quantifying the degree of quality degradation resulting from a range of spatial audio processes (SAPs), can be used to build a regression model of perceived spatial audio quality in terms of previously developed spatially and timbrally relevant metrics. A generalizable model thus built, employing just five metrics and two principal components, performs well in its pred...

The presented study estimates the impact of inconsistency in proprioceptive and visual feedback which can be a side effect of interaction in shared virtual environment. An important factor for interaction in virtual reality is the perception of a partner’s input as communication, not as disturbance. Therefore, the effects of disturbances correlated with a partner’s pre-recorded input are contra...

This paper proposes a weighted fuzzy mean filter based on cloud model and reports its performance in removing the impulsive noise from the digital image. In addition, the performance of the proposed weighted fuzzy mean filter is compared with already existing variants of median and switching filters using root mean square error, peak signal to noise ratio and quality index. Even though the imag...