the history of islamic jurisprudence has witnessed two heterogeneous yet apparently similar trends – although in two different periods of time and manifestations. one is the akhbāriyya movement in imāmī school, which, with a new approach to practicing sharī‘a and while negating ijtihād (legal reasoning), regards intellect as being unable to achieve legal rulings. the second trend is the salafiy...

The goal of this paper is to present a modified version (GML) of ML invariant which should take into account rulings over a projective base and allow further stratification of smooth affine rational surfaces. We provide a non-trivial example where GML invariant is computed for a smooth affine rational surface admitting no C-actions. We apply GML invariant to computing ML invariant of some three...


 Today there are indications of reduced public confidence in the formal law enforcement process through trial Court. Such conditions generally due to considering Court no longer a facility as last bastion for justice seekers, but has tendency means accommodating interests certain parties, especially ruler and groups capital owners such investors or developers called capitalists. This juri...

An intuitive design method is proposed for generating developable ruled B-spline surfaces from a sequence of straight line segments indicating the surface shape. The first and last are enforced to be head tail ruling lines resulting while interior required approximate rulings on as much possible. This manner conceptually similar popular way freeform curve in CAD community, observing that single...

We strengthen the link between holomorphic and generatingfunction invariants of Legendrian knots by establishing a formula relating the number of augmentations of a knot’s contact homology to the complete ruling invariant of Chekanov and Pushkar.