Boiling is the most common means of treating water in the home and the benchmark against which alternative point-of-use water treatment options must be compared. In a 5-week study in rural Guatemala among 45 households who claimed they always or almost always boiled their drinking water, boiling was associated with a 86.2% reduction in geometric mean thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) (N = 206, P <...

Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane, heptachlor and methoxychlor) were detected in drinking water samples during a two-year study in Warka-Grojec rural region of Poland. The average incidence of drinking water sources with detectable levels of pesticides ranged from 20 to 30%. According to Polish regulations concerning water quality, individual concentrations did not...

The aim of this paper was to study the influence of microbial biofilms on the high copper levels measured in the drinking water of rural houses. Drinking water parameters and copper pipe surfaces were analysed in the copper plumbing systems of rural and urban houses. The water in rural houses had pH values of 6.2 and alkalinity values of 63mg/L as CaCO3, whereas in urban houses the pH values we...

background: according to the health world organization drinking water must be free of chemicals and microbial contaminations which are risk to human health. therefore water quality control is very important. the purpose of this study is investigating the chemical quality and chlorination status of drinking water in kashan’s villages. methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted on drinking...

This article argues that a knowledge and practice defi cit, and the inability of higher education institutions to professionalise development are key lacunae which need to be overcome. However, this will need the university to reinvent itself and for elite institutions to develop a more accessible notion of knowledge and rigour. The people of India must add a hot summer, a defi cient monsoon, a...

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane can efficiently remove the ions from groundwater, especially for high valence ions. Results show that the removal rate of fluoride was approximately 67% by the NF system, while for arsenic the removal rate was more than 93%. NF presented the well selective removal for fluoride. The quality of product water meets the national drinking water standards. Therefore, the ...

Background: This study evaluated the quality of drinking water in rural areas of the city of Babol in terms of chemical parameters (iron, manganese, nitrite, and nitrate) and compared it with the Iranian and the World Health Organization (WHO) standards to determine the trend. Methods: This cross-sectional study monitored chemical test results for the years 2011-2014 of samples collected from ...

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in blood, urine, and drinking water as well as the health implications on 100 residents in an urban and a rural community. Results showed the blood As, urinary Cd, DNA damage, and water As and Cs were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings showed significant (P < 0.00...

This preliminary study reports for the first time that part of the rural population in the Allahabad district and the urban population in the Suklaganj-Kanpur of Unnao district in the Allahabad-Kanpur track of the upper Ganga plain are drinking and using for agricultural irrigation arsenic contaminated water (maximum arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine are 707 and 1744 microg L(-...