We present a general framework for representing belief-revision rules and use it to characterize Bayes’s rule as a classical example and Je¤rey’s rule as a non-classical one. In Je¤rey’s rule, the input to a belief revision is not simply the information that some event has occurred, as in Bayes’s rule, but a new assignment of probabilities to some events. Despite their di¤erences, Bayes’s and J...

in this article economic loss means those losses occurring independently of physical damage to things or to a person's body or health. there are two main positions about reparability of these losses: in some countries like french, belgium, spain, italy and luxembourg as a principle rule economic loss is recoverable and there is no difference between economic loss and other losses. but in s...