this paper, following a formalist approach, attempts to explain art as a zeitgeist, or 'spirit of the age'. it is aimed to investigate the enhancement of the painting by armenian artists of isfahan on the bases of historical literature and documents left since 17th, 18th and 19th century, as well as the available secondary sources tries to examine the iranian–armenian community's...

The study investigates the materials of Russian ambassade S. Islen’ev and M. Griazev to court Qizilbash shah Safī, stored in funds State Archive Ancient Acts. archival file is a set documents reflecting process exchange embassies between Tsardom Safavid Empire 1635–1637. aim embassy I. K. was discuss some topical issues bilateral relations such as duties, restitution cases, purchase Iranian nit...

handmade carpets have been used from ancient times for floor covering. most of the researchers around the world have a common idea about the roots and origins of carpet making which belong to persia. although rugs and carpets were introduced to the world such as floor covering but since it was expensive, it had been used such as a hanging picture or cloth tables especially for american people. ...

Empress Dowager Cixi, birth mother of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Tongzhi, lived in the late 19 Century and the early 20 Century, and was the actual ruler of the Qing Dynasty from 1861 to 1908. Under her administration, her great support of Westernization during the earlier period promoted modernized revolution of Chinese society, whereas her objection to the political reform during the late perio...

Mummification salts and mummified bones were assayed for borate. In two samples of mummification salt one from Deir el-Bahari (26th Dynasty, 700Ð600 BC) and salt from the embalming material of Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty, 1370Ð1335 BC) 3.9 and 2.1 μMol borate/ gram were found, respectively. Six mummified bone fragments from the Old Kingdom contained up to 1.2 μMol/gram. It is suggested that borat...

Attributing the coins of the Eastern Gangas is a difficult task because the coins do not name the ruler, but only are dated in what are thought to be regnal years. Many authors in the past have tended to attribute the coins to the most prominent king of the dynasty, Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078-1147) (hereafter AC), but without any real justification. 2 In a recent paper, I proposed a method o...

In this paper, we are discussing the effect of the use of magnetic compasses on the orientation of ancient Chinese architectonical complexes. As Czech researchers proposed in 2011, assuming these complexes ideally oriented by the ancient architects along north-south direction, in the case that the surveys were made by means of magnetic compasses, we can find the axes of the complexes deviating ...

among the main factors of friendly commercial and political relations between safavid iran and india were reciprocal needs and policies of safavid kings concerning trade development. thus, various regions of iran, especially isfahan, had became a good market for indian goods. isfahan as a capital of safavid state was a centre of commercial activities of such indians as baniyans, multanians, and...