In the last half-century, human neuroscience methods provided a way to study schizophrenia in vivo, and established that it is associated with subtle abnormalities in brain structure and function. However, efforts to understand the neurobiological bases of the clinical symptoms that the diagnosis is based on have been largely unsuccessful. In this paper, we provide an overview of the conceptual...

introduction: objective structured clinical examination (osce) is used for the evaluation of the clinical competence in medicine for which it is essential to measure validity and reliability. this study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of osce for residents of obstetrics and gynecology at kermanshah university of medical sciences in 2011. methods: a descriptive-correlation stud...

This article is a continuation of the previous module on designing questionnaires and clinical record form in which we have discussed some basic points about designing the questionnaire and clinical record forms. In this section, we will discuss the reliability and validity of questionnaires. The different types of validity are face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct ...

Literature shows that some health outcomes (e.g., eating, breathing, and speaking) are directly related to posture. Evidence of outcomes mediated by wheelchair seated posture is limited to interface pressure, physical function, and wheelchair skills and safety. This study's purpose was to develop and validate a rapid, low-burden, paper-pencil assessment of wheelchair seated posture for research...

The Instrumental Activities of Daily Living - Compensation (IADL-C) scale was developed to capture early functional difficulties and to quantify compensatory strategy use that may mitigate functional decline in the aging population. The IADL-C was validated in a sample of cognitively healthy older adults (N=184) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N=92) and dementia (N=24). Fac...

Quality of life research in chronic schizophrenia has not adequately focussed upon psychometric properties of the disease specific scales (including Quality of Life Scale); especially in the cross-cultural perspective. The authors attempted to assess certain psychometric properties of the Quality of Life Scale (QLS); modified as per the Indian cultural background Fifteen patients of ICD-10 chro...

BACKGROUND The aim of the project was to develop an instrument for the assessment of subjective quality of life specific to schizophrenic persons on the basis of patients' views on their own life and on sound psychometric principles. METHODS The project applied a six-step multiphase development process with six distinct studies. (1) The elicitation of schizophrenic persons' views on their qua...

Recent research on neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), for the treatment of schizophrenia has mainly focused on psychotic symptoms. We aimed to determine whether repetitive tDCS is efficacious in improving determinants of outcome, such as cognitive function, daily living skills, and depressive mood in patients with schizophrenia. Twenty-eight pati...

PURPOSE The original version of the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS), a measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), was found to have a ceiling effect in older adults living independently in the community. This suggested that the tasks measured, although relevant, do not require full use of this population's abilities, and thus, the instrument may not be sensitive t...