Staphylococcal food poisoning is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of food containing Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most common enterotoxin recovered from food poisoning outbreaks in the USA. In addition to its enteric activity, SEA also acts as a potent superantigen through stimulation of T cells, although less is known about its int...

The Arctic sea ice cover is thinning and retreating, causing changes in surface roughness that in turn modify the momentum flux from the atmosphere through the ice into the ocean. New model simulations comprising variable sea ice drag coefficients for both the air and water interface demonstrate that the heterogeneity in sea ice surface roughness significantly impacts the spatial distribution a...

Fresh groundwater comes in contact with seawater at the downstream end of its flow system. Most previous work has discussed the shape of the seawater/freshwater interface on the basis of Ghyben-Herzberg’s law. The groundwater, however, pushes the seawater farther offshore side than predicted by the law, giving rise to freshwater flows even below the bottom of the sea. A previous study found tha...

In this study, we evaluated photosensitized chemistry at the air-sea interface as a source of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Our results show that, in addition to biogenic emissions, abiotic processes could also be important in the marine boundary layer. Photosensitized production of marine secondary organic aerosol was studied in a custom-built multiphase atmospheric simulation chamber. The...

Despite its purported importance, previous studies of the influence of sea-level rise on coastal aquifers have focused on specific sites, and a generalized systematic analysis of the general case of the sea water intrusion response to sea-level rise has not been reported. In this study, a simple conceptual framework is used to provide a first-order assessment of sea water intrusion changes in c...

A more integrated and holistic approach to management of spatial information relating to coastal and marine environments is needed and this can be facilitated by the creation of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) on a seamless platform. There is a growing and urgent need to create a seamless SDI model that bridges the gap between the terrestrial and marine environments, creating a spatially en...

As the interface between marine and land environments, coasts have diverse and ever increasing conflicting pressures and demands requiring effective administration and management which is underpinned by the need for access to spatial information. Spatial data is recognised as a critical resource to underpin effective and sustainable management and administration. Spatial Data Infrastructures (S...

An unexpected increase of phototrophic and heterotrophic picoand nanoplankton under anoxic conditions was encountered in the central Baltic Sea below 120 m depth in August 1991 and 135 m depth in July 1992, respectively. Cell abundances in anoxic layers were up to 10 times higher for chroococcoid cyanobacteria, 6 to 8 times for phototrophic nanoflagellates and 3 to 4 times for bacteria, as comp...