Initially identified in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, the two-partner secretion (TPS) pathway, also known as Type Vb secretion, mediates the translocation across the outer membrane of large effector proteins involved in interactions between these pathogens and their hosts. More recently, distinct TPS systems have been shown to secrete toxic effector domains that participate in inter-bacter...

introduction: the effect of esophageal distension (ed) on gastric motility has been well documented, but a few investigations have been carried out on the effect of ed on gastric secretion. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ed on gastric acid and pepsin secretion and the mechanism(s) involved. methods: male adult wistar rats (200-240 g) were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 ...

Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of extracts of D-[1-14C]glucosamine-labelled rhizobia was used to analyze the effects of nodI, nodJ, and nodT on secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules. Secretion was analyzed by comparing quantities of radiolabelled LCOs present in the cellular and spent growth medium fractions. A second rapid and sensitive method was introduced to es...

Low efficiency of gene transfer is one of the major limitations of gene therapy. A solution to this problem may be transmission; by modification of the transgene, the gene product can be secreted and internalized by the surrounding cells. Cancer gene therapy using the herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) suicide gene is a promising treatment, and TK has been used in clinical trials with som...

Abstract Apart from the visual effects, light can also affect human non-visual system, which includes a wide range of functions such as hormone secretion, alertness, mood etc. The non-image forming effects occur because affects melanopsin, photosensitive protein present in receptive domain retinal ganglion cells. These cells are responsible for generating nerve impulses that regulate secretion ...

BACKGROUND Heterologous expression of factor VIII (FVIII) is about two to three orders of magnitude lower than similarly sized proteins. Bioengineering strategies aimed at different structural and biochemical attributes of FVIII have been successful in enhancing its expression levels. OBJECTIVE Disulfide bonds are vital to the proper folding, secretion and stability of most secretory proteins...

bacterial utilize a multitude of methods to secretion of specific substrate across phospholipid membranes. these bacterial strategies can play many roles in promoting bacterial process, from enhancing pathogenesis to bacterial response to environmental condition. the secretion in bacterial species transfer and release performance substance such as proteins, enzymes and metabolites to environmen...

Fatty acids affect insulin secretion via metabolism and FFAR1-mediated signaling. Recent reports indicate that these two pathways act synergistically. Still it remains unclear how they interrelate. Taking into account the key role of mitochondria in insulin secretion, we attempted to dissect the metabolic and FFAR1-mediated effects of fatty acids on mitochondrial function. One-hour culture of M...

background: natural killer (nk) cells play an important role in early stages of innate immune responses against viral and tumoral attacks. activation of nk cells by leishmaniasis results in secretion of cytokines such as interferon (ifn)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α, which enhances the phagocytosis and clear­ance of parasite. lipophosphoglycan 3 (lpg3), the leishmania homologous with grp...