Conventional seedbed preparation for spring sown crops in Sweden includes 3±4 harrowings followed by sowing, but there is a great interest among farmers to reduce this tillage. Since the soil is normally at ®eld capacity after winter, the conventional system implies a major risk of soil compaction and the farmer has to wait for the soil to dry before seedbed preparation can be started. A new te...

Bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey = Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith] and big squirrel-tail [Elymus multisetus (J. G. Smith) M. E. Jones = Sitanion jubatum (J. G. Smith)] have a broad geographical distribution and have been identified as high priority species for restoration of degraded rangelands in the western United States. These rangelands exhibit high annual and ...

Conventional seedbed preparation is based on deep ploughing followed by lighter and finer secondary tillage of the superficial layer, normally performed machines powered tractor’s Power Take-Off (PTO), which prepares in a single pass. Conservation methods are wide range interventions, such as minimum or no-tillage, means with passive action working tools require two more passes The aim this stu...

the physiological process of germination depends on several environmental factors such as temperature, water potential, light, nutrients and smoke. water and temperature are determinant factors for seed germination. both factors can, separately or jointly, affect the germination percentage and germination rate. the effect of temperature on germination and water potential on germination canoften...