Research which asserts that there is a difference in male and female intelligence causes as much of a stir as that which shows the differences in race IQs. However, it is the differences in intelligence of the sexes which is far more controversial among experts, with approximately half of the studies finding no difference, and half finding a small male advantage. A meta-study of 26 articles tha...

versions of mixed-motive games. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14, 91–97. doi:10.1177/002200277001400110 *Oskamp, S., & Kleinke, C. (1970). Amount of reward in a variable in the prisoner’s dilemma game. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 133–140. doi:10.1037/h0029840 *Oskamp, S., & Perlaman, D. (1965). Factors affecting cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma game. Journal of Confli...

The life histories of animals are marked by two pervasive characteristics — nearly all animals reproduce sexually, and virtually all exhibit the hallmarks of physiological deterioration (i.e. senescence) with advancing age. While some animal species are hermaphroditic, many — including ourselves — are characterized by distinct sexual entities (gonochorism); individuals are either male or female...

Women exhibit more rapid escalation from casual drug taking to addiction, exhibit a greater withdrawal response with abstinence, and tend to exhibit greater vulnerability than men in terms of treatment outcome. In rodents, short-term estradiol intake in female rats enhances acquisition and escalation of drug taking, motivation for drugs of abuse, and relapse-like behaviors. There is also a sex ...

Hypertension is a complex disorder involving multiple organ systems and the primary modifiable risk factor for heart disease, which is the leading cause of death among both men and women in the United States. Although both men and women develop hypertension, distinct gender differences in the incidence and severity of hypertension are well established where men have a higher incidence of hypert...

The aggressivity of adult males and females was evaluated by measuring (1)the frequency of aggressive displays that individuals made toward a mirror image stimulus following varying periods of social isolation, (2) the display frequency in brief, unisexual and bisexual bouts with live opponents, and (3)the reinforcing effects of mirror image stimulation on performance of an approach response. I...

One of the stronger empirical generalizations to emerge from the study of genetic systems is that achiasmate meiosis, which has evolved 25-30 times, is always restricted to the heterogametic sex in dioecious species. usually the male. Here we collate data on quantitative sex differences in chiasma frequency from 54 species (4 hermaphroditic flatworms, 18 dioecious insects and vertebrates and 32...

REFERENCES 1 ERS Task Force, Palange P, Ward SA, et al. Recommendations on the use of exercise testing in clinical practice. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 185– 209. 2 Koch B, Schäper C, Ittermann T, et al. Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy volunteers: the SHIP study. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 389–397. 3 Stewart KJ. Physical activity and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1055: 1...

REFERENCES 1 Koch B, Schäper C, Ittermann T, et al. Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy volunteers: the SHIP study. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 389–397. 2 John U, Greiner B, Hensel E, et al. Study of Health In Pomerania (SHIP): a health examination survey in an east German region: objectives and design. Soz Praventivmed 2001; 46: 186–194. 3 Neder JA, Nery LE, Castelo A, ...