Avian interspecific brood parasites differ considerably in their commitment to parasitism; 87 species are obligate brood parasites, whereas 35 species are known to be facultative brood parasites. This variation is strongly related to mode of development. Obligate parasitism is found almost exclusively in altricial species, whereas facultative interspecific parasitism is predominant in precocial...

Lanzones scale insect (LSI) has been an important pest of lanzones since its first record in 2004. It causes massive defoliation on trees which eventually results to underdeveloped and sour fruits. Different lanzones-growing areas the Philippines were surveyed for LSI along with associated parasitoids commercial farms located Laguna (Los Baños,Nagcarlan Sta. Maria), Oriental Mindoro (Villa Cerv...

Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda is a newly discovered pest in Indonesia. S. attacks can cause crop failure and significant losses. As preventive control measure, research was conducted to determine the most effective parasitoid controlling . This used egg parasitoids ( Telenomus remus Trichogramma chilotraeae) larval Microplitis manilae ). done by exposing 50 eggs of each ten larvae M. Ten repli...

Inferring evolutionary history of parasitism genes is important to understand how evolutionary mechanisms affect the occurrences of parasitism genes. In this study, we constructed multiple domain trees for parasitism genes and genes under free-living conditions. Further analyses of horizontal gene transfer (HGT)-like phylogenetic incongruences, duplications, and speciations were performed based...

The most evolutionary advanced adaptations for plant parasitism by nematodes are the products of parasitism genes expressed in their esophageal gland cells and secreted through their stylet into host tissue to control the complex process of parasitism. Molecular analyses of nematode parasitism genes are revealing the complexity of the tools that enable the nematode to attack plants, and the res...

The sex ratio may be influenced by many factors, such as stress and immunosuppression, age of parents, parity and sex of preceding siblings. In animal systems, parasitism often changes the sex ratio of infected hosts, which can increase the probability of their transmission. The most common human protozoan parasite in developed countries, Toxoplasma gondii (prevalence 20%-80%), is known to chan...

rearing methods for bracon hebetor (say) (hym., braconidae) were investigated in the series of laboratory experiments designed to enhance the yield of the mass rearing of this parasitoid for biological control of lepidopteran field and stored product pests. in these experiments, the effects of parasitoid and host densities on fertility and sex ratio of b. hebetor were assessed. in parasitoid de...

Secreted parasitism proteins encoded by parasitism genes expressed in esophageal gland cells mediate infection and parasitism of plants by root-knot nematodes (RKN). Parasitism gene 16D10 encodes a conserved RKN secretory peptide that stimulates root growth and functions as a ligand for a putative plant transcription factor. We used in vitro and in vivo RNA interference approaches to silence th...

Moniliformis moniliformis-infected Periplaneta australasiae and Blatta orientalis were less active than uninfected controls in behavioral arena tests under both red and white light regimes. There was a strong interaction between light regime and parasitism for substrate use by P. australasiae. Under red light, parasitism decreased the use of black horizontal surfaces, whereas under white light,...