Endocarp morphology of 4 species of Iranian Celtis was examined using light and scanning electron microscopes. Macro- and micro-morphological characters were included endocarp shape, color, size, surrounding rim, ornamentation and SEM structure of the outer layer of the endocarp. Endocarp morphology of the examined specimens exhibit variation in all characters. Endocarp shape varies from globul...

investigating downstream changes in bed load shape can be useful to detect watershedhydrological processes and it is very important to design hydraulic structures and to managecapacity of large storage dams, properly. regarding to doing of enforcement studies, thisresearch was conducted in qalesar river in upstream of chahardangeh watershed in mazandaranprovince. after recognition of the study ...

The predominance of molar teeth in fossil hominin assemblages makes the patterning of molar shape variation a topic of bioanthropological interest. Extant models are the principal basis for understanding dental variation in the fossil record. As the sister taxon to the hominin clade, Pan is one such model and the only widely accepted extant hominid model for both interspecific and intraspecific...

The objective of this study was to assess beak shape variation in domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and determine the effects of age, sex, and beak size on beak shape variation using geometric morphometrics. Dorsal and right lateral images were taken of 2442 turkeys at 6 and 18.5 weeks of age. Landmarks were digitized in tpsDig in three analyses of the dorsal upper mandible, lateral upper ...

the phase transformation phenomenon due to the crystallographic change of shape memory alloys subjected to mechanical or thermal loading is very complicated. regarding the thermo-mechanical coupling effects in shape memory alloys, in case of high  loading rates, heat generation/absorption during the forward/reverse transformation, will lead in temperature-dependent variation and consequently af...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genetic basis of leaf shape has long interested botanists because leaf shape varies extensively across the plant kingdom and this variation is probably adaptive. However, knowledge of the genetic architecture of leaf shape variation in natural populations remains limited. This study examined the genetic architecture of leaf shape diversification among three edaphic speci...

The nature of developmental buffering processes has been debated extensively, based on both theoretical reasoning and empirical studies. In particular, controversy has focused on the question of whether distinct processes are responsible for canalization, the buffering against environmental or genetic variation, and for developmental stability, the buffering against random variation intrinsic i...

We present a framework for analyzing the shape deformation of structures within the human brain. A mathematical model is developed describing the deformation of any brain structure whose shape is affected by both gross and detailed physical processes. Using our technique, the total shape deformation is decomposed into analytic modes of variation obtained from finite element modeling, and statis...

Craniofacial shape changes throughout the late prenatal and early postnatal ontogeny (32-47 weeks of gestational age) were explored. The purpose was to evaluate whether the skull follows an allometric growth pattern, as was observed in other ontogenetic periods, and to assess shape variation patterns for the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Thirty three-dimensional landmarks were register...

This study aimed to identify differences in wing shape among populations of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides obtained in 23 locations in the semi-arid region of Bahia state (Brazil). Analysis of the Procrustes distances among mean wing shapes indicated that population structure did not determine shape variation. Instead, populations were structured geographically according to wing size. The...