To reduce the pressure on contacts and circuit breaker and realize the zone selective interlocking (ZSI) function above the instantaneous protection threshold (e.g., >10In), the short circuit current needs to be early detected. The state-of–art of early short circuit detection (ESCD) method is reviewed. Based on the equivalent model of the short circuit, a new method based on the current and it...

two organic compounds (sc-23=(e)-2-cyano-3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid and sc-25=(e)-2-cyano-3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid) involving methoxy groups as the electron donor and cyanoacrylic acid group as the electron acceptor have been investigated for dye sensitized solar cells. they shows a short-circuit current density (jsc) of 2.08 and 1.81 ma cm-2, an open circuit voltage (voc)...

a  commercial  ti-nanoxide  was  deposited  on  in-doped  sno2 (ito) polymer  substrates by  tape casting  technique with different thicknesses  (7,  14  and  36μm)  to  be  used  as  photoelectrode  in flexible  dye-sensitized  solar  cells  (dsscs).  ruthenium  dye  was adsorbed on each tio2 film for 24 h. the resulting photoelectrodes were used to form flexible dsscs in combination with elec...

Power transformers are one of the main equipment in power production, with high cost and long manufacturing time. If a fault occurs during supply process, it will prevent normal operation system result no electricity available to users. One factors affecting safe is short circuit fault, faults at outlet substations or close proximity can also pose serious threat transformers. This article simul...