The control of vibration generated by railways in tunnels is complicated by the dynamic interaction between tunnel and track. Conventional methods (floating slab track, ballast mats, under-sleeper pads) do not perform as well as might be expected and it is the purpose of this paper to explore the sources of error. The major factors which must be taken into account pertain to the three-dimension...

ballast as a part of the railway system plays an important role in the operation of the railways and also has a great impact on repair and maintenance activities. hence most of the repair and maintenance activities in traditional railway systems are due to the defections in the ballast layer and therefore most of the maintenance budget is spent on repairing these defects. these repair and maint...