fork in the road clauses and waiver clauses in investment treaties are supposed to minimize the number of parallel proceedings in foreign investment disputes. while, fork in the road clauses preclude investors from further litigation or arbitration once the first dispute settlement mechanism is triggered, in waiver clauses, domestic litigation can be followed by treaty arbitration regarding the...

A dependency parsing method based on sentence segmentation into clauses has been proposed and confirmed to be effective. In this method, dependency parsing is executed in two stages: at the clause level and the sentence level. However, since a sentence can not be segmented into complete clauses, in the past research, a unit sandwiched between two clause-end boundaries (clause boundary unit) was...

The following terminology will be used. The clause containing the ellipsis (dann besbI£he ieh immer den Peter "then I always -vts# Peter" in ( 1b)) is called ellipsis clause. The constituent --other than dann ("then"), immer ("always") and possibly other particles-that remains expressed in the ellipsis clause is called the remnant (den Peter "the Peter") . The clause from which the elided infor...

paper presents the identification of clause boundary for the Urdu language. We have used Conditional Random Field as the classification method and the clause markers. The clause markers play the role to detect the type of subordinate clause, which is with or within the main clause. If there is any misclassification after testing with different sentences then more rules are identified to get hig...

This paper reports about the development of clause identification and classification techniques for Bengali language. A syntactic rule based model has been used to identify the clause boundary. For clause type identification a Conditional random Field (CRF) based statistical model has been used. The clause identification system and clause classification system demonstrated 73% and 78% precision...

Work by Kilby, Slaney, Thiebaux andWalsh [1] showed that the backdoors and backbones of unstructured Random 3SAT instances are largely disjoint. In this work we extend this study to the consideration of backdoors in SAT encodings of structured problems. We show that the results of Kilby et al. also apply to structured problems. Further, we analyse the frequency with which individual variables a...

Abstract A new methodology/data structure, the clause tree, is developed for automated reasoning based on resolution in first order logic. A clause tree T on a set S of clauses is a 4-tuple , where N is a set of nodes, divided into clause nodes and atom nodes, E is a set of edges, each of which joins a clause node to an atom node, L is a labeling of N ∪ E which assigns to each clause n...

The goal of knowledge compilation is to enable fast queries. Such queries are often in the form of conjunctive normal form (CNF) clauses, and the query amounts to the question of whether the clause is implied by the knowledge base. Here, we consider the dual type of query which is a DNF clause; the query then amounts to the question of whether the knowledge base is implied by the clause. Prior ...

By generalizing the notion of location of a constituent to allow discontinuous Ioctaions, one can describe the discontinuous constituents of non-configurational languages. These discontinuous constituents can be described by a variant of definite clause grammars, and these grammars can be used in conjunction with a proof procedure to create a parser for non-configurational languages.