Passive microwave (PMW) measurements of ice-phase precipitation, such as snowfall and graupel, provide a physically direct basis for inferring the integrated amount of precipitation within a given field-of-view (FOV), assuming that other sources of noise can be adequately accounted for. However, the vertical distribution of precipitation within the FOV is generally unknown. By combining passive...

[1] The deposition and attachment mechanism of settling snow crystals during snowfall dictates the very initial structure of ice within a natural snowpack. In this letter we apply ballistic deposition as a simple model to study the structural evolution of the growing surface of a snowpack during its formation. The roughness of the snow surface is predicted from the behaviour of the time depende...

Observations of lake-effect storms that occur over the Great Lakes region during late autumn and winter indicate a high sensitivity to ambient wind speed and direction. In this paper, a twodimensional version of the Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/ NCAR) model is used to investigate the wind speed effects on lake-effect snowstorms that occur over the Great La...