Retirees represent a strategic issue for rural areas as their numbers grow in proportion to the total population. In order to assess their impact on economic development, a hybrid model, a mixture of Keynesian and economic base theories, was constructed. It was applied to three communities of the South of France. The model was adapted to estimate the impact of a particularly heterogeneous popul...

Humans are highly social, living and sharing in families and in larger social groups, not autarkic individuals living in self-reliant isolation. intergenerational transfers are an economic expression of the links among individuals of different ages and generations, who are often but not always kin. Changes in the population age distribution place stress on some of these links and relax others, ...

We quantify the lasting effects of childhood health and economic circumstances on adult health, employment and socioeconomic status, using data from a birth cohort that has been followed from birth into middle age. Controlling for parental income, education and social class, children who experience poor health have significantly lower educational attainment, poorer health, and lower social stat...

Ireland has been one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union or the OECD in the 1990s. This paper reviews the policy approach which underpins the country’s economic transformation, tracing the role of industrial policy, European integration, macroeconomic stabilization and social partnership. Despite the initial success of the outward-looking strategy, a combination of domestic f...

The tribal population in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and in the country as a whole, is the most deprived and vulnerable community that faces severe economic exclusion. Although certain constitutional safeguards are provided, no significant economic, social and political mobility has taken place across this community. Contrary to Scheduled Castes and other Backward Castes who witnessed certain ...

There are, however, other concerns that determine choices towards organic management. Conversion to organic agricultural systems are triggered by different objectives, such as: securing a place on international markets, export promotion, economic self-reliance, finding alternatives to decreased access to agricultural inputs, natural resource conservation, food self-sufficiency, and rural and wi...

We provide an historical survey of Chinese economic reform, a discussion of the current major problems, and measures of the evolution of inequality in China through time, 19791996.We argue that China’s most pressing reform needs now are in the social sphere, specifically the creation of an adequate social security system. The paper concludes with maps showing measures of inequality within each ...

Agents that behave maliciously or incompetently are a potential hazard in open distributed e-commerce applications. However human societies have evolved signals and mechanisms based on social interaction to defend against such behaviour. In this paper we present a computational socio-cognitive framework which formalises social theories of trust, reputation, recommendation and learning from dire...