The transurethral prostatectomy syndrome (TURS) is defined as severe vascular hypotension reaction that complicates endoscopic surgery as a result of massive irrigating fluid absorption causing severe acute dilution hyponatraemia (HN) of <120 mmol/l. The vascular shock is usually mistaken for one of the recognized shocks and Volumetric Overload Shock type 1 (VOS1) is overlooked making Volumetri...

One of the main goals of dialysis is the control of extracellular volume, because inadequate sodium and fluid removal result in fluid overload and increased mortality. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), and the use of icodextrin on sodium removal in 29 patients (n = 18 on CAPD, n = 11 o...

Overload of neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes and multicellular myocardial preparations, which include whole hearts, are accompanied by an enhanced activity of the Na /H exchanger 1 (NHE-1). Exogenous administration of prohypertrophic agents such as angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and 1-adrenergic agonists also stimulates NHE-1 activity, which leads to an increased concentration o...

The NALP3 inflammasome is activated by low intracellular potassium concentrations [K(+)](i), leading to the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. However, the mechanism of [K(+)](i) lowering after phagocytosis of monosodium urate crystals is still elusive. Here, we propose that endosomes containing monosodium urate crystals fuse with acidic lysosomes. The low pH in the phagolysosome ...

The iridophores of the Neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi consist of alternating layers of guanine and cytoplasm. In the dark-adapted state the reflected light from constructive interference is in the ultraviolet or blue. When exposed to light the cytoplasm layers increase in thickness and as a result the reflections shift to longer wavelengths and the iridophores appear green. The iridophores are...

The title compound, Na[Cu(en)2][Cu(CN)4], where en represents ethyl-enedi-amine, NH2CH2CH2NH2, crystallizes as a salt with two distinct cations, Na(+) and [Cu(II)en2](2+), and discrete [Cu(I)(CN)4](3-) anions. The anion geometry is tetra-hedral, with angles at the copper atom ranging from 105.0 (1) to 115.4 (1)°. The Cu-C distances are in the range 1.976 (3) to 1.993 (3) Å. The divalent copper ...

The title compound, C(6)H(10)N(8)·2H(2)O, was prepared by the reaction of hexanedinitrile and sodium azide. The di-1H-tetra-zole mol-ecule lies on a crystallographic centre of inversion and is linked to the water mol-ecules by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional supra-molecular structure in the crystal.