Rhizomes of wild lowbush blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) extend horizontally, creating spatial dependency when fertilization trials are performed. Knowing this would help researchers to better design field studies. Here, we used labelled nitrogen (N) fertilizer 15 N-(NH 4 ) 2 SO measure N translocation among stems for one old (56 year) and younger (15 commercial field. Leaf concentra...

Given the above formulation of spatial structure in terms of weights matrices, our objective in this section is to develop the basic model of areal-unit dependencies that will be used to capture possible spatial correlations between such units. Unless otherwise stated, we shall implicitly represent the relevant set of areal units, 1 { ,.., } n R R , by their indices, 1,.., i n  . In particular...

Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is an atmospheric pollutant that has been linked to serious health problems, including mortality. PM(2.5) is a mixture of pollutants, and it has five main components: sulfate, nitrate, total carbonaceous mass, ammonium, and crustal material. These components have complex spatial-temporal dependency and cross dependency structures. It is important to gain insigh...

There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

There are several powerful steganalytic methods for images in the spatial domain, which are based on higher order statistics. We propose a generic methodology to prepare higher order steganalytic methods from spatial domain for application in the transformed domain. This paper presents 72 new systematically designed methods that are derived from the spatial domain. Their reliability and the pre...