BACKGROUND There is a perception that cosmetic breast surgery has more favorable aesthetic outcomes than reconstructive breast surgery. We tested this hypothesis by comparing aesthetic outcomes after breast augmentation and reconstruction. METHODS Postoperative images of 10 patients (cosmetic, n = 4; reconstructive, n = 6; mean follow-up, 27 months) were presented anonymously to participants ...

this is to report the case of a huge vaginal stone, and bladder calculi in a 26-year-old woman with previous operation of bladder exstrophy. it seems that the vaginal stone was secondary to the remaining wire used in her previous reconstructive surgery for pelvic closure 20 years ago and now surgery is performed to remove the vaginal and bladder stones.

Although the origins of procedures now falling under scope modern plastic surgery date back thousands years, it was only fairly recently that these were grouped umbrella term “plastic” surgery. However, mainly due to industrialization period, popular understanding would soon change—making way for addition “reconstructive” specialty's name. Through a careful look at historical trends, authors il...