An integrated pest management (IPM) pilot program for landscape plants was implemented during 1997 and 1998 on two commercial, two residential, and one institutional property managed by landscape professionals. When compared with preprogram, calendar-based cover spray program costs at these sites in 1996, the IPM program was cost-effective at one of the five sites in both 1997 and 1998, and cos...

Exotic ambrosia beetles are damaging pests in ornamental tree nurseries in North America. The species Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motshulsky) and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) are especially problematic. Management of these pests relies on preventive treatments of insecticides. However, field tests of recommended materials on nursery trees have been limited because of unreliable attacks by am...

A computational study of turbulent evaporating sprays is reported. The major focus is to study the structure of turbulent evaporating sprays and to examine the sensitivity of their vaporization behavior to transient liquid-phase processes. Three models considered to represent these processes are the thin-skin, infinite-diffusion, and diffusionlimit models. Favre-averaged equations with a k-s-g ...

Ophthalmologists working in equatorial regions have long been familiar with the syndrome of solar conjunctivo-keratopathy. This condition, which affects only the interpalpebral area of the conjunctiva and cornea, is characterized by chronic discomfort and irritation, hypersensitivity to wind, dust, smoke, and sunlight, chronic conjunctival injection, fleshy protuberant pingueculae, usually cont...

After defining what is meant by a complex spray X on a complex manifold M , we introduce the notion of a spray complex curve associated to X. Several equivalent formulations are derived and we give necessary and sufficient conditions for M to admit spray complex curves for X through each point and in each direction. Refinements of this result are then derived for some special cases, for example...

We present a method for compensating laser attenuation in optically dense sprays, in particular for use in combustion engine research. Images of the fuel sprays are produced by planar laser imaging, where Mie scattered light from a cross section of the spray is imaged onto a CCD camera. The compensation scheme is based on the Beer-Lambert law, which is used here to sum up the loss of light alon...

Background Intranasal sprays must be delivered to the nasal cavity in sufficient volume, appropriate viscosity and droplet size and with a technique that allows optimal retention, maximizes absorption from the mucosa, and the potential for maximum therapeutic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate nasal drug run-off after administration of MP29-02* (a novel intranasal formulation of azel...