The second part of the book looks into the probabilistic foundation of statistical analysis, which originates in probabilistic sampling, and introduces the reader to the arena of hypothesis testing. Chapter 5 explores the main random and controllable source of error, sampling, as opposed to non-sampling errors, potentially very dangerous and unknown. It shows the statistical advantages of extra...

In an adaptive sampling strategy based on multi-stage sampling, information gathered in earlier stages is used to choose what information to search for in the next stage. This should be the information that has the greatest probability to best improve the basis for the decisions to be made. Based on literature this paper discusses how to use this strategy to improve investigations of contaminat...

BACKGROUND Fatal and non-fatal injuries are of increasing public health concern globally, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Injuries sustained by individuals also impact society, creating a loss of productivity with serious economic consequences. In Sudan, there is no documentation of the burden of injuries on individuals and society. METHODS A community-based survey was perfor...

A multi-stage cluster sampling is proposed for quantifying and monitoring plant species richness at multiple spatial grains over large spatial extents. An unbiased estimator of average species richness at different grains and a conservative estimator of its sampling variance are obtained in a complete design-based framework, i.e., avoiding any assumption about the ecological community under stu...

Epidemiologic and clinical changes in the HIV epidemic over time have presented a challenge to public health surveillance to monitor behavioral and clinical factors that affect disease progression and HIV transmission. The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a supplemental surveillance project designed to provide representative, population-based data on clinical status, care, outcomes, and beha...