Examining the effect of high-stakes tests on learners’ perceptions has been one of the strands of washback-related research. The present study purported to investigate the washback effect of the English section of the Iranian National University Entrance Exam (henceforth INUEE) on the pre-university students’ perceptions about the high-stakes test. The participants of the study were 218 female ...

Environment Canada undertook a preliminary comparative toxicity assessment of selected materials that may be utilized in construction projects located in the aquatic environment. That project involved introducing Fahlstrom sized test stakes (3.9x0.54x26.4 cm) to both fresh and salt water for toxicity testing. Rainbow Trout, Daphnia magna and Microtox testing was conducted in freshwater and Thre...

Games: An Experiment with Nation-Wide Representative Subjects Tsu-Tan Fu Center for Survey Research and Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan Wei-Hsin Kong Institute of Industrial Economics, National Central University C.C. Yang* Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Wenshan...

Polypharmacy, defined by the World Health Organisation as "the administration of many drugs at the same time or the administration of an excessive number of drugs" is frequent among the elderly as they often suffer from chronic diseases with concomitant pathologies. If polypharmacy is legitimate in some cases, it can also be inappropriate and in all cases carries the risk of adverse effects or ...