This paper presents a methodology using Gravitational Search Algorithm for optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in order to achieve complete observability of the power system. The objective of proposed algorithm is to minimize the total number of PMUs at the power system buses, which in turn minimize installation cost of the PMUs. In this algorithm, the searcher agents are colle...

This paper presents a new approach for estimating and improving voltage stability margin from phase and magnitude profile of bus voltages using sensitivity analysis of Voltage Stability Assessment Neural Network (VSANN). Bus voltage profile contains useful information about system stability margin including the effect of load-generation, line outage and reactive power compensation so, it is ad...

Versa Module Eurocard (VME) backplane bus is a computer bus standard, originally developed for the Motorola 68000 line of CPUs, but later widely used for many applications and standardized by the IEC as ANSI/IEEE 1014-1987. It is physically based on Eurocard sizes, mechanicals and connectors (DIN 41612), but uses its own signalling system. This paper describes the general characteristics of the...

A digitizer is an electronic acquisition device that acquires analog waveforms, processes them through analog-to-digital converters (ADC’s) and sends the digitized sample to a buffer, which allows them to be saved before being processed by a computer. Historically, modern digitizers date from the 1950’s and 60’s when the need to rapidly acquire, store, and process multiple channels of data beca...

In this paper, we report our experiences and findings on the design of a fault-tolerant bus architecture comprised of two COTS buses, the IEEE 1394 and the I2C. This fault-tolerant bus is the backbone system bus for the avionics architecture of the X2000 program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. COTS buses are attractive because of the availability of low cost commercial products. However, they...

For FA (factory automation) and ATE (automatic test equipment) in the industrial area, the standard bus is required to increase the system performance of multiprocessor environment. VME (versa module european package format) bus is appropriated to the standard bus but has the features that is the small of package and the low density of board. Beside, the density of board and semiconductor have ...

In power systems that are restructured on the basis of system reliability or the costs, various methods can be employed for allocating the spinning reserve to various generating units. This paper firstly describes two methods for allocation of reserve power: (1) a cost-based method; (2) a reliability-based method. Secondly, presents a combined method that simultaneously considers both reliabili...

Voltage instability is gaining importance because of unusual growth in power system. Reactive power limit of power system is one of the reasons for voltage instability. Preventing Voltage Collapsesare one of the challenging tasks present worldwide.This paper presents static methods like Modal Analysis, Two Bus Thevenin Equivalent and Continuation Power Flow methods to predict the voltage collap...

Recently, the provision of reserve from energy storage systems (ESSs) is introduced as a source for ancillary services to address uncertainties renewable power generations. The performance ESSs analysed while they are applied provider regulation reserves. It has been revealed that previous stochastic models neglect impact corrective dispatches, related reserves, on level stored in ESSs, which c...