State–space models (SSMs) are an important modeling framework for analyzing ecological time series. These hierarchical commonly used to model population dynamics, animal movement, and capture–recapture data, now increasingly being other processes. SSMs popular because they flexible the natural variation in processes separately from observation error. Their flexibility allows ecologists continuo...

This paper considers the expected penalty functions for a discrete semi-Markov risk model with randomized dividends. Under the model, individual claims are governed by a Markov chain with finite state space, and the insurer pays a dividend of 1 with a probability at the end of each period if the present surplus is greater than or equal to a threshold value. Recursive formulae and the initial va...

crime is the product of an interaction between the person and the setting. understanding crime has been the focus of researchers in both design and social fields for a few decades. the empirical research within the design field on the issue of crime has mainly focused on site-specific and situational features of a place. in the past decade, a considerable body of design research begun to devote...

In this paper, a two-surfaces sliding mode controller (TSSMC) is proposed for the voltage tracking control of a two input DC-DC converter in application of electric vehicles (EVs). The imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is used for tuning TSSMC parameters. The proposed controller significantly improves the transient response and disturbance rejection of the two input converters while p...