To produce ciphertexts, two modes of encryption are applied—block ciphers, which encrypt a fixed size block of plaintext at a time, and stream ciphers, which encrypt stream data, one or more bits at a time. As one of stream ciphers, the cipher feedback (CFB) mode is implemented by a block cipher via multiple stages, and in each stage, 1 bit or a number of bits of plaintext are encrypted at a ti...

A relativistic theory for two-stream free electron laser (FEL) with a one-dimensional helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding in the presence of self-fields are presented. A dispersion relation (DR) which includes coupling between the electromagnetic and the electrostatic waves is derived from a fluid model, with all of the relativistic terms related to the transverse wiggler motion. This DR is...

BACKGROUND Existence of flows and convection is an essential and integral feature of many excitable media with wave propagation modes, such as blood coagulation or bioreactors. METHODS/RESULTS Here, propagation of two-dimensional waves is studied in parabolic channel flow of excitable medium of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type. Even if the stream velocity is hundreds of times higher that the wave vel...

In this paper, we propose a bandwidth efficient error resilience scheme for wavelet based video transmission over wireless channel by introducing an additional Wyner-Ziv (WZ) stream to protect region of interest (ROI) in a frame. In the proposed architecture, the main video stream is compressed by a generic wavelet domain coding structure and passed through the error prone channel without any p...

This paper presents data compiled from aerial photography, General Land Office maps (GLOs), and discharge data from the central Platte River in Nebraska that quantify and provide a new understanding of channel evolution and abandonment in a braided stream. Analyses of aerial photographs and GLOs in ArcMapTM show that channel area decreased by an average of 46% from 1938 to 2006 and that channel...

The spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1-sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Catt...

Side-channel attacks on block ciphers and public key algorithms have been discussed extensively. However, there is only sparse literature about side-cannel attacks on stream ciphers. The few existing references mainly treat timing [8] and template attacks [10], or provide a theoretical analysis [6], [7] of weaknesses of stream cipher constructions. In this paper we present attacks on two focus ...

Fish assemblages play a key role in stream ecosystems, and play a crucial role in the assessment of stream health. Physical habitat is a key component of stream ecosystems and plays a major role in determining biotic assemblages and stream integrity. There is increasing recognition of the role landscape factors play in determining biotic assemblages and stream integrity. Landscapes in Iowa and ...

Video transmission over the multi-path fading wireless channel has to overcome the inherent vulnerability of compressed video to the channel errors. To effectively prevent the corruption of video stream and its propagation in spatial and temporal domain, proactive error controls are widely being deployed. Among possible candidates, turbo code is known to exhibit superior error correction perfor...

Powdered and pelletized wollastonite (CaSiO3) was applied to an 11.8 ha forested watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in northern New Hampshire, U.S.A. during October of 1999. The dissolution of wollastonite was studied using watershed solute mass balances, and a Sr/ Sr isotopic tracer. The wollastonite (Sr/Sr = 0.70554) that was deposited directly into the stream channel b...