INTRODUCTION Subfertility is the inability of a couple to conceive even after one year of regular unprotected coitus. The desire of woman for children is great, sometimes greater than self-interest in beauty and figure and may be stronger than the claims of a career. Considering the social stigma attached to subfertility, a sympathetic and a carefully balanced therapeutic approach to their prob...

Background Although artificial insemination (AI) technique is an established biotechnology for bovine reproduction, the results of AI (conception rates) have a tendency to decline gradually. To our annoyance, moreover, AI-subfertile bulls have been occasionally found in the AI centers. To resolve these serious problems, it is necessary to control the sperm quality more strictly by the examinati...

In the natural history of HPV infections, the HPV virions can induce two different pathways, namely the infec- tious virion producing pathway and the clonal transforming pathway. An overview is given of the burden that is associated with HPV infections that can both lead to cervical cancer and/or temporal subfertility. That HPV infections cause serious global health burden due to HPV-associated...

Aim: To determine the frequency of tubal spasm during hysterosalpinggraphy at Nishtar Hospital Multan. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital Multan from September 2013 to March 2014. Two hundred and seventeen women with primary or secondary infertility from gynecological outpatient department fulfilling inclusion criteria ...

Obesity is clearly becoming a worldwide pandemic and is now considered a disease that recent data have shown it affects more than one third of the adult population in the United States [1]. Obesity affects female reproduction [2-6] since compelling data showed that obese women are more predisposed to subfertility [7], have increased risk of miscarriages [8] and are more prone to having pregnanc...

OBJECTIVES We examined the prevalence of Early Intervention (EI) enrollment in Massachusetts comparing singleton children conceived via assisted reproductive technology (ART), children born to mothers with indicators of subfertility but no ART (Subfertile), and children born to mothers who had no indicators of subfertility and conceived naturally (Fertile). We assessed the natural direct effect...

BACKGROUND The quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in subfertility and their suitability for inclusion in meta-analyses have been assessed in the past and found to be insufficient. Our aim was to assess whether this quality has improved over time, particularly since the publication of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, and to assess what proportion of...

BACKGROUND With the occasional reports of unexpectedly poor ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for IVF in young normally cyclic women in mind, we studied age-related ovarian response to COH in a group of women who underwent standard IVF. METHODS Ovarian response to COH was defined as the number of follicles > or = 14 mm on the day of hCG administration. Ovarian resp...

The appropriateness of many investigations for subfertility will continue to be of debate for some time yet. Of most benefit to the concerned couple would be a process that is diagnostically accurate, expeditious and reliable. It should be performed with a minimum of invasion and provide both patient and clinician with useful prognostic information regarding possible future treatment. This arti...