Background: Emergence Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to quinolone antibiotics due to mutations in gyrA and parC genes created problem for treatment of patients in different hospitals in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the amino acid substitutions of GyrA and ParC proteins in certain clonal lineages of the K. pneumoniae conferring high level quinolone resistance. Methods: One...

The stable set associated to a given S of nonerasing endomorphisms or substitutions is the all right infinite words that can be indefinitely desubstituted over S. This notion generalizes sets fixed points morphisms. It linked S-adicity and property preserving Two main questions are considered. Which known sets? ones finite substitutions? While bringing answers previous questions, some new chara...

Contrary to all expectations, the-calculus, the canonical simply-typed lambda-calculus with explicit substitutions, is not strongly normalising. This result has led to a proliferation of calculi with explicit substitutions. This paper shows that the reducibility method provides a general criterion when a calculus of explicit substitution is strongly normalising for all untyped lambda-terms that...

We associate in a canonical way a substitution to any abstract numeration system built on a regular language. In relationship with the growth order of the letters, we define the notion of two independent substitutions. Our main result is the following. If a sequence x is generated by two independent substitutions — at least one being of exponential growth. Then the factors of x appearing infini...

We generalize the study of symbolic dynamical systems of nite type and ZZ 2 action, and the associated use of symbolic substitution dynamical systems, to dynamical systems with IR 2 action. The new systems are associated with tilings of the plane. We generalize the classical technique of the matrix of a substitution to include the geometrical information needed to study tilings, and we utilize ...

Let us consider V , C. Observe that SubstitutionSet(V,C) is non empty. Let us consider V , C and let A, B be elements of SubstitutionSet(V,C). Then A∪B is an element of Fin(V→̇C). Let us consider V , C. One can check that there exists an element of SubstitutionSet(V,C) which is non empty. Let us consider V , C. One can verify that every element of SubstitutionSet(V,C) is finite. Let us consider ...