The agro-climatic environments in subtropical islands around Japan were analyzed by using meteorological data (average for 1971–2000). This study found that the horizontal distribution of monthly mean temperatures in both the subtropical islands and Japan’s main islands can be expressed accurately as a function of latitude for all seasons. These relationships cannot be applied to the monthly me...

Despite numerous investigations, the dynamical origins of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age remain uncertain. A major unresolved issue relating to internal climate dynamics is the mode and tempo of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability, and the significance of decadal-to-centennial scale changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength in regul...

A dry primitive equation model is used to explain how the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the tropical stratosphere can influence the troposphere, even in the absence of tropical convection anomalies and a variable stratospheric polar vortex. QBO momentum anomalies induce a meridional circulation to maintain thermal wind balance. This circulation includes zonal wind anomalies that extend fr...

In HadGEM2-A, AMIP experiments forced with observed sea surface temperatures respond to uniform and patterned ?4 K SST perturbations with strong positive cloud feedbacks in the subtropical stratocumulus/trade cumulus transition regions. Over the subtropical Northeast Pacific at 137 W/26 N, the boundary layer cloud fraction reduces considerably in the AMIP ?4 K patterned SST experiment. The near...

Decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation along altitude gradients are typical mountain climate in subtropical China. In such a climate regime, identifying the patterns of the C stable isotope composition (δ(13)C) in plants and soils and their relations to the context of climate change is essential. In this study, the patterns of δ(13)C variation were investigated for tree leaves, lit...

[1] Seventeen coupled general circulation models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are analyzed to assess the dynamics and variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC). Consistent with observations, the STCC is anchored by mode water to the north. For the present climate, the STCC tends to be stronger in models than in observations because of t...

[1] Many subtropical regions are expected to become drier due to climate change. This will lead to reduced vegetation which may in turn amplify the initial drying. Using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land model with a dynamic vegetation component that predicts surface albedo change, here we simulate the climate change from 1901 to 2099 with CO2 and other forcings. In a standard IPCC-style simulati...

The paper summarises activities within a broad-based research program for the reconstruction of the evolution of Italian climate in the twentieth century. The main result of the program is that Italian climate is becoming warmer and drier with an increase of both heavy precipitation events and long dry spells. Most of the observed signals appear to be due to changes in atmospheric circulation c...

India is a subtropical country, wherein the climate is of variable type. A shelter is required both in summer as well as in winter to counter the various vagaries of adverse climate and to provide a comfortable environment to the animals. The principle functions of any system of housing for dairy cattle are: (1) Provision of health sustaining and comfortable environment to different categories ...

The southern United States is characterized by a humid, subtropical climate and consists of 16 states (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland) and Washington DC. Currently this region is experiencing the largest net population growth in the U.S. Over the la...