HIV-1 drug resistance mutations have been identified and characterized mostly in subtype B HIV-1 infection. The extent to which antiretroviral drugs select for drug resistance mutations in non-subtype B HIV-1 is not known. We obtained HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease sequences from 21 Zimbabwean patients failing antiretroviral drug therapy. We compared these sequences with 56 publi...

Background. Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes cancer-related deaths across world and in Middle East. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression has been observed gastric cancers. Trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody targeting HER2 protein, being used for treatment metastatic cancer. Objective. To study frequency association with age, gender, histopatholog...

conclusions there is an as yet unexplained association between hcv and host parameters with unknown mechanisms in patients with chronic hcv infection. the assessments of core aa 70 substitution and polymorphisms near the ifnl3 gene could offer promising steps to improve the management of patients with hcv. background molecular studies have demonstrated that the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype ...

BACKGROUND The genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. METHODS AND FINDINGS To assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcrip...