A wide swath of North America was reminded during last summer’s eclipse that you can’t stare at the sun without protection. But to study the sun, space probes have to do much more than stare. They have to get extremely close to the sun’s unforgiving environs. Next year, two solar missions will do exactly that— traveling tens of millions of miles to study the sun’s outer atmosphere, its corona, ...

The very best examples of scientific induction were known in the time of William Whewell (1994–1866) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). It is puzzling, therefore, that there was such a deep disagreement between them about the nature of induction. It is perhaps astounding that the dispute is unresolved to this very day! What disagreement could there be about Newton’s discovery of universal gravit...

We show that the anomalous retrograde perihelion precession of Saturn !& " , recently estimated by different teams of astronomers by processing ranging data from the Cassini spacecraft and amounting to some milliarcseconds per century, can be explained in terms of a localized, distant body X, not yet directly discovered in the remote periphery of the solar system. From the determination of its ...

The sun is the unlimited energy source for life on the earth. However, besides as the energy source, the sun also gives disruptions to the universe around the earth and also to the life on the earth. Sources of the disruptions from the sun are flares and Coronal Mass Ejection/CME. Both of those disruptions in general come from group of sunspots. With the growing of dependency of human life with...

The sun is the most important source of visible and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even though the distance from the sun to the Earth is large – about 150×10 km – the fluence rate of solar radiation on Earth, the solar constant, is about 1 360 W/m 2 . Approximately 40% of this radiation is reflected back into space. The remaining 60% is the driving force of all life on Earth. A number of pigments ...

Vanyo, J.P. and Awramik, S.M., 1985. Stromatolites and Earth--Sun--Moon dynamics. Precambrian Res., 29 : 121--142. Inclination of stromatolite columns, caused by nonvertical direction of averaged incident solar radiation, provides a signal for deducing astronomical and geophysical data at time of stromatolite formation. A sample of Anabaria juvensis (Bitter Springs Formation, central Australia)...

The planned Ares V launch vehicle with its 10 meter fairing shroud and 55,000 kg capacity to the Sun Earth L2 point enables entirely new classes of space telescopes. NASA MSFC has conducted a preliminary study that demonstrates the feasibility of launching a 6 to 8 meter class monolithic primary mirror telescope to Sun-Earth L2 using an Ares V. Specific technical areas studied included optical ...

In this paper, we recall the mutation of the Minkowski spacetime for empty space into the covering isospacetime caused by physical media; we recall its experimental verifications via the isoredshift of laser light in a metal pipe containing air at pressure, as well as additional experimental verifications in other fields; and we present, apparently for the first time, experimental confirmations...

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), as they can inject a large amounts of mass and magnetic flux into the interplanetary space, are primary source space weather phenomena on Earth. The present review first briefly introduces solar surface signatures origins CMEs then focuses attempts to understand kinematic evolution from Sun have been observed in corona white-light series missions over last five de...

are increasingly essential to basic and applied space-physics research for two primary reasons. First, the heliosphere and magnetosphere are vast regions of space from which we have relatively few in situ measurements. Numerical simulations let us “stitch together” observations from different regions and provide data-interpretation insight to help us understand this complex system’s global beha...