Previous approaches of analyzing spontaneously spoken language often have been based on encoding syntactic and semantic knowledge manually and symbolically. While there has been some progress using statistical or connectionist language models, many current spoken-language systems still use a relatively brittle, hand-coded symbolic grammar or symbolic semantic component. In contrast, we describe...

Previous approaches of analyzing spontaneously spoken language often have been based on encoding syntactic and semantic knowledge manually and symbolically. While there has been some progress using statistical or connectionist language models, many current spoken-language systems still use a relatively brittle, hand-coded symbolic grammar or symbolic semantic component. In contrast, we describe...

Previous approaches of analyzing spontaneously spoken language often have been based on encoding syntactic and semantic knowledge manually and symbolically. While there has been some progress using statistical or connectionist language models, many current spoken-language systems still use a relatively brittle, hand-coded symbolic grammar or symbolic semantic component. In contrast, we describe...

Previous approaches of analyzing spontaneously spoken language often have been based on encoding syntactic and semantic knowledge manually and symbolically. While there has been some progress using statistical or connectionist language models, many current spoken-language systems still use a relatively brittle, hand-coded symbolic grammar or symbolic semantic component. In contrast, we describe...

JavaScript is expected to be a programming language of even wider use, considering demands for more interactive web/mobile applications and deployment in server-side software. While reliability of JavaScript code will be of more importance, testing techniques for the language remain insufficient, compared to other languages. We propose a technique to automatically generate high-coverage unit te...

THE MIRROR SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS AND INVESTIGATIONS OF BIRDSONG ARE REVIEWED IN RELATION TO THE SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN SYMBOLIC AND LANGUAGE CAPACITY, IN TERMS OF THREE FUNDAMENTAL FORMS OF COGNITIVE REFERENCE: iconic, indexical, and symbolic. Mirror systems are initially iconic but can progress to indexical reference when produced without the need for concurrent stimuli. Develop...

This study sought to clarify further the cognitive abilities of language-impaired children by examining their hypothesis-testing and nonlinguistic symbolic abilities. A discrimination learning task and a concept formation task were used to measure hypothesis-testing abilities, and a haptic (touch) recognition task was used to assess nonlinguistic symbolic abilities. Subjects were 10 language-im...

We consider the computational complexity of languages of symbolic dynamical systems. In particular, we study complexity hierarchies and membership of the non-uniform class P/poly. We prove: 1. For every time-constructible, non-decreasing function t(n) = ω(n), there is a symbolic dynamical system with language decidable in deterministic time O(nt(n)), but not in deterministic time o(t(n)). 2. Fo...