The treatment of systematic errors is often mishandled. This is due to lack of understanding and education, based on a fundamental ambiguity as to what is meant by the term. This note addresses the problems and offers guidance to good practice. 1 RIVAL DEFINITIONS: UNCERTAINTY AND MISTAKE 1.1 Random Uncertainties and Mistakes The word error is used in several ways. The everyday dictionary defin...

standardization of photography in plastic surgery is fundamental for pre-operative surgical planning, comparative post-operative assessment, and demonstration of surgical results.1 in rhinoplasty, slight changes in patient or camera position can lessen nasal hump, vary nose size, and alter skin tension.2 in order to prevent these common errors, photographic standardization with high-quality equ...

Elimination of medical errors is important for pathologists. Errors occurring in surgical pathology involve specimen defects, specimen labeling, processing, diagnosis, and reporting defects. Errors occur during prelaboratory, laboratory, and postlaboratory phases. We reviewed our experience with mislabeled specimens in the laboratory for an 18-month period. The percentage of error was calculate...

This paper describes a new technique to simultaneously estimate topography and motion of polar glaciers from multi-temporal SAR interferograms. The approach is based on a combination of several SAR interferograms in a least-squares adjustment using the GaussMarkov model. For connecting the multi-temporal data sets, a spatio-temporal model is proposed that describes the properties of the surface...

Least Squares estimation in regression models is well known to be optimal if the random errors are normally distributed. In the presence of longer-tailed errors or outliers, there are better alternatives, called robust estimators. Two robustness measures are based on the idea of gross errors { arbitrary observations added to a given sample. The gross error sensitivity measures the maximal eeect...

in many countries, leveling networks are established for height determination which is one of the most important topics in geodesy. in these networks, the sum of the leveled height differences between a and b will not be equal to the difference in the orthometric heights ha and hb. the reason is that the leveling increment ?n, as we henceforth denote it, is different from the corresponding incr...

The effort to reconstruct the tree of life was revolutionized by use sequences proteins and nucleic acids. Phylogenetic trees are now routinely inferred using hundreds thousands amino acid or nucleotide characters. It thus seems surprising that many aspects still controversial; conflicting results between large scale phylogenomic studies show errors remain common despite datasets. These often r...