One of the most common microsatellites in eukaryotes consists of tandem arrays [usually 15-50 base pairs (bp) in length] of the dinucleotide GT. We examined the rates of instability for poly GT tracts of 15, 33, 51, 99 and 105 bp in wild-type and mismatch repair-deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rates of instability increased more than two orders of magnitude as tracts increased in...

Patients with severe cerebral palsy (CP) often have poor speech ability but potentially better language comprehension. The arcuate fasciculus and the extreme capsule are two important language tracts between the Wernicke and Broca areas. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we visualized language tracts and pyramidal tracts in both hemispheres in 10 controls (5 to 18 years) and 5 patients (5 to 23 y...

In this study, genital tracts of 20 healthy non-pregnant buffaloes were collected from Urmia abattoir.These genital tracts were selected based on their ovaries conditions, half of them were in follicular phase and the other half were in luteal phase. The samples were taken from anterior, middle and posterior regions of the cervix and fixed in 10% buffer formalin. Then, histological sections of ...

Neighbourhood tractography aims to automatically segment equivalent brain white matter tracts from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data in different subjects by using a “reference tract” as a prior for the shape and length of each tract of interest. In the current work we present a means of improving the technique by using references tracts derived from dMRI data acquired from 80 he...

In their natural environment, animals face complex and highly dynamic olfactory input. Thus vertebrates as well as invertebrates require fast and reliable processing of olfactory information. Parallel processing has been shown to improve processing speed and power in other sensory systems and is characterized by extraction of different stimulus parameters along parallel sensory information stre...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Region-of-interest (ROI) and tract-based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses have detected increased apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) and decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in callosal and projection systems of adult patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We explored whether similar changes occur in pediatric patients with MS, assessing 3 major white matter pa...

The epidemiology of gonorrhea is characterized by geographically defined hyperendemic areas, or "cores." Geographic information system (GIS) technology offers new opportunities to evaluate these patterns. The authors developed a GIS system linked to the disease surveillance database at the Baltimore Health Department and used this system to evaluate the geographic epidemiology of gonorrhea in B...

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a special interaction of the ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, with adrenergic systems. The term "adrenergic systems" is taken to comprise all catecholamine-containing nerve tracts, both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral sympathetic system; additionally, the adrenal medulla is included, as are certain of the clusters of interneuron...