T helper 2 cells regulate inflammatory responses to helminth infections while also mediating pathological processes of asthma and allergy. IL-4 promotes Th2 development by inducing the expression of the GATA3 transcription factor, and the Th2 phenotype is stabilized by a GATA3-dependent autoregulatory loop. In this study, we found that type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) blocked human Th2 development a...

The aim of this study to determine the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in milk according bacterial species that cause subclinical mastitis cows. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied selected cows were divided into four groups: with negative CMT (n = 45); Escherichia coli (E. coli) group included only E. growing CMT-positive samples Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) S. Staphylococcus aureu...

Differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into T helper (Th) 2 cells requires signaling through the T cell receptor and an appropriate cytokine environment. IL-4 is critical for such Th2 differentiation. We show that IL-2 plays a central role in this process. The effect of IL-2 on Th2 generation does not depend on its cell growth or survival effects. Stat5a(-/-) cells show diminished differentiation...

BACKGROUND Histamine drives pruritus in allergic skin diseases which clinically constitutes a most disruptive symptom. Skin pathology in allergic skin diseases is crucially influenced by different T-helper subsets. However, the contribution of different histamine-receptors to T-helper cell dependent skin pathology has not been definitively answered. Models which can specifically address the fun...

BACKGROUND Cell mediated immunity is suppressed following traumatic injury. The Objective is to determine whether there is a shift from T helper type 1 (TH1) to TH2 cell cytokine production following mechanical trauma in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to bilateral femur fractures or sham injury. Spleens were removed 3 days later. T cell prolifera...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a synthetic glycolipid agonist of natural killer T (NKT) cells, can ameliorate exercise-induced immune imbalance. METHODS Eight-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained with a progressively increasing load for 9 weeks. At 36 h and at 7 d after training, groups of rats were euthanized. T...

In response to appropriate stimuli in their microenvironment, naïve CD4 + T cells differentiate into one of several T helper cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, as defined by their transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion, and effector functions. Although T helper subsets are known to be regulated by specific transcription factors and cytokines, the molecular basis...

A large number of CD4 + human T helper type 1 (Thl) clones specific for purified protein derivative and of Th2 clones specific for the excretory/secretory antigen of Toxocara canis, derived from the same individuals, were analyzed for both cytotoxic capacity and helper function for immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. The great majority of Thl, but only a minority of Th2 clones exhibited cytolytic ac...

A large number of CD4+ human T helper type 1 (Th1) clones specific for purified protein derivative and of Th2 clones specific for the excretory/secretory antigen of Toxocara canis, derived from the same individuals, were analyzed for both cytotoxic capacity and helper function for immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. The great majority of Th1, but only a minority of Th2 clones exhibited cytolytic act...

The molecular basis for restricted cytokine expression by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells is unclear. Previous studies found that P1, an element of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) promoter that binds AP-1, is important for Th2-restricted IL-4 expression. Here we show that JunB, but not the other Jun family members, was selectively induced in Th2 cells and not in Th1 cells during differenti...