One important issue that any material or test designer should bear in mind is to be careful about developing teaching and testing reading materials which would not be to the benefit of a group of readers or examinees and to the detriment of some others. One of the factors which may cause difference between the performances of English learners or test takers is the selection of reading tests wit...

while learners’ ability to speak academic language develops over time in content-based programs, the development of their nonacademic language appears to lag behind. students’ speaking in content-based (cb) classrooms is confined to an academic discourse style. in the researchers’ point of view, the gap of less amount of nonacademic speaking can be bridged by the application of the conceptual f...