Based on observations made with the Kitt Peak National Observatory 2.1m telescope, which is operated by National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO) operated by AURA, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation and with the University of Hawaii 88 Inch telescope. Visiting Astronomer, University of Hawaii Observatory. Visiting Astronomer, Kitt Peak National Observatory, National...

methodology of islamic principles (‘ilm al-uṣūl) is a dignified science serving to understand religious texts; on the other hand, however, this science is indebted to holy qur’ān for its credibility and authority. the qur’ānic verses play a special role in validating and authorizing this science. this role is to be viewed in terms of foundation-laying, as āyāt al-uṣūl (verses of principles) are...

abu abdullah mohammad ibn musa al-khawarizmi was born at khawarizm (kheva), south of aral sea. very little is known about his early life, except for the fact that his parents had migrated to a place south of baghdad. the exact dates of his birth and death are also not known, but it is established that he flourished under al- mamun at baghdad through 813-833 and probably died around 840 a.d. kha...