the round city of ardeshir khwarah, with its concentric layout, can be considered as the first city which established by the founder of the sasanian dynasty as a symbol of the sasanian royal ideology. ardeshir khwarah plays a key role in establishment of sasanian sovereignty and urban planning. however, a little is known about the history of the city. it seems even stranger if we consider the r...

This paper considers the fiscalization of land use in one state brought about by state regulation in a neighboring state. The idea that land use is ‘fiscalized,’ i.e. motivated by potential tax benefits, is well established in the literature (Chapman, 1988, 2008; Lewis, 2001; Wassmer, 2002; Pagano, 2004). The source of these motives is often attributed to a state’s control over the revenue stru...

tehran municipality, at the lowest level, has been divided to many inner- city areas. if the municipality is going to provide desired services to citizens, it is necessary to design the characteristics of organized inner-city areas. this research is designed to identify the characteristics of organized inner-city areas in tehran city- based on the benchmarking mechanism. required data was gathe...

spatial organizations of each region are evolved through the activity of its settlement network. the formation procedure of settlement network is affected by the natural environment, social and economical structure, political and historical events. natural environment, social and economical structure of the city of talesh, have not permitted the permanent settlement and urbanism in this region....

family as the smallest and the most fundamental structure of the society forms the basis and foundation of the society and in the meantime marriage itself can be considered as the basis and foundation of the family. considering the importance of marriage, changing and transitions and creating disorder in the process of the marriage is a social problem which may be affected both the basis of the...

in recent decades, the city development and city settlement have been tremendous. this has caused unequal physical and spatial expansion. the 21st century is the century of the city and living in city and almost half of the world population live as citizen. a glance at forecasting the data and statistics in 1400 shows an estimation of 130 millions of population and the calculation of present ci...

family as the smallest and the most fundamental structure of the society forms the basis and foundation of the society and in the meantime marriage itself can be considered as the basis and foundation of the family. considering the importance of marriage, changing and transitions and creating disorder in the process of the marriage is a social problem which may be affected both the basis of the...

In this paper, a complete theory of steerable filters is presented which shows that quadrature filters are only a special case of steerable filters. Although there has been a large number of approaches dealing with the theory of steerable filters, none of these gives a complete theory with respect to the transformation groups which deform the filter kernel. Michaelis and Sommer (Michaelis and S...

While modern states may never cease to wage war against one another, they have recognized moral restrictions on how they conduct those wars. These “rules of war” serve several important functions in regulating the organization and behavior of military forces, and shape political debates, negotiations, and public perception. While the world has become somewhat accustomed to the increasing techno...

Jeremy Waldron (1995) has felicitously labeled this argument “the doctrine from the wisdom of the multitude.” Most commentators agree that the mechanism accounting for the superiority of a group over any of its members is, in Aristotle’s view, the pooling of information and arguments that occur in deliberation. The idea of collective wisdom is new, on the other hand, to the extent that it has r...