[1] To investigate the role of ENSO in regulating the timemean thermal stratification of the equatorial Pacific, perturbation experiments are conducted in pairs with a coupled model. In one experiment, ENSO is turned off while in the other experiment ENSO is kept on. Perturbations are introduced through either enhancing tropical heating or increasing subtropical cooling. In the absence of ENSO,...

[1] Reanalysis data are used to study the effects of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the stratosphere. During the boreal winter in the Arctic, Warm ENSO (WENSO) months are found to be significantly warmer and Cold ENSO (CENSO) months significantly colder than climatology. The QBO is also found to have a large effect on the Arctic stratosphere ...

Continental-scale studies of North America suggest that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can cause winters to be warmer, with less precipitation, during conditions and colder, more La Niña in Midwest United States. Two sources historical records precipitation temperature southwest Ohio from 1896 2016 were analyzed. Three statistical methodologies used test hypothesis anomalies winter occ...

This chapter reviews recent advances in understanding the diabatic and nonlinear aspects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In particular, it reviews the research leading to the view that averaged over the decadal or longer time scales, ENSO acts as a basin-scale heat mixer in the tropical Pacific. This heat mixer regulates the long-term temperature difference between the surface water...

Adva ISSN http: The paper presents a review of El Ni~ no/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and selected environmental consequences at a range of spatial scales. The fundamentals of ENSO are summarized in a descriptive way, and the reader is provided with the key facts from the history of ENSO research as well as with recent developments in understanding the oscillation. Subsequently, a discussion on ...

Climate model experiments are analyzed to elucidate if and how the changes in mean climate in response to doubling of atmospheric CO2 (2xCO2) influence ENSO. The processes involved the development, transition, and decay of simulated ENSO events are quantified through a multimodel heat budget analysis. The simulated changes in ENSO amplitude in response to 2xCO2 are directly related to changes i...

This study uncovers an early 1990s change in the relationships between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and two leading modes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric variability: the southern annular mode (SAM) and the Pacific–South American (PSA) pattern. During austral spring, while the PSA maintained a strong correlation with ENSO throughout the period 1948–2014, the SAM–ENSO correlat...

In an effort to use climate predictions for streamflow and malaria hazard prediction, the decadal variability of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on streamflow and rainfall in the Kelani River in Sri Lanka was investigated based on records from 1925 to 1995. In the last half century, the warm ENSO phase was associated with decreased annual streamflow and the cold ENSO phase wit...

Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific occur during the development of most El Niño events and are believed to be a major factor in ENSO’s dynamics. Because of their short time scale, WWBs are normally considered part of a stochastic forcing of ENSO, completely external to the interannual ENSO variability. Recent observational studies, however, suggest that the occurrence and cha...

BACKGROUND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical vector-borne disease. Sand fly vectors (SF) and Leishmania spp parasites are sensitive to changes in weather conditions, rendering disease transmission susceptible to changes in local and global scale climatic patterns. Nevertheless, it is unclear how SF abundance is impacted by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and how these cha...