Background: The highly effective medications in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are stimulants like methylphenidate. However, they have adverse effects like reduced appetite. We investigated the effects of folic acid on reduced appetite caused by the use of methylphenidate in children with ADHD.Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial evaluated 70 o...

West Nile virus causes sporadic disease in the Eastern hemisphere that is often asymptomatic or mild, whereas in the Western hemisphere, West Nile virus has been associated with illness and profound mortality in many avian species. West Nile virus might have been transported to North America by an infected mosquito or the virus could have entered within a vertebrate host like a bird. Although t...

BACKGROUND West Nile virus emerged as an important human pathogen in North America and continues to pose a risk to public health. It can cause a highly variable range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness. Neuroinvasive disease due to West Nile virus can lead to long-term neurological deficits and psychological impairment. However, these deficits have not been w...

We report on the use of West Nile virus Armored RNA as an internal positive control (IPC) for the extraction and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) of RNA extracted from field-collected mosquitoes and on a multiplex real-time Taqman RT-PCR to simultaneously detect the 3' noncoding region of West Nile virus and the West Nile virus NS5-2 region comprising the IPC. Mosquito pools from the province...

1. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1174–9. 2. Hayes EB, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Annu Rev Med. 2006;57:181–94. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131418 3. Burt FJ, Grobbelaar ...

The NILE (nerve growth factor-inducible large external) glycoprotein is a 230,000-dalton molecule found on the surface of PC12 cells. Immunologically cross-reactive glycoproteins in the molecular weight range of 215,000 to 230,000 have been found on many types of neurons in culture. Using immunohistochemical methods, we have shown that NILE-related glycoproteins are present in neuronal fiber tr...

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) plays a critical role in the metabolism of many drugs. CYP3A4 exhibits extraordinary substrate promiscuity and unusual allosteric kinetics. In addition, many CYPs catalyze sequential oxidations on a single substrate, but in most cases, mechanistic details of these processes are not well-established. As a result, in vivo clearance of many drugs and their metabolites ...