This question highlights the distinction between two philosophical approaches to probability. One school of thought says that probabilities can only be meaningfully applied to repeatable processes like rolling dice or flipping coins. In this view, the probability of an event represent the fraction of trials in which that event will occur. This view is sometimes called classical statistics, samp...

The article discusses the socio-philosophical views of E. V. De Roberti, who was pioneer neo-positivist trend in Russia. Roberti is a recognized theorist thought, whose sociological system based on “biosocial hypothesis”. This hypothesis had huge impact philosophers and sociologists supported organic theory as well those psychological approach, thus it violated internal unity consistency their ...

Among the most important Jewish encounters with other cultures and civilizations, the encounter with Islamic culture was, in our view, the most important. This encounter was in some aspects like their encounter with the ancient civilization, but the impacts were more valuable and constructive. Under Islamic rule, the Jews not only had a sense of security but also enjoyed a relatively satisfacto...