For ex vivo measurements of fracture callus stiffness in small animals, different test methods, such as torsion or bending tests, are established. Each method provides advantages and disadvantages, and it is still debated which of those is most sensitive to experimental conditions (i.e. specimen alignment, directional dependency, asymmetric behavior). The aim of this study was to experimentally...

A hybrid finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is proposed to model rock fracture initiation and propagation during a three-point bending test under quasistatic dynamic loading conditions. Three models have been implemented in the FDEM transition from continuum discontinuum through fragmentation. The rate effect on behaviour has taken into account by implementation of relationship between stati...