We examine the strategic interplay between a buyer’s design decision and the ensuing competition between suppliers in a three-tier closed-loop supply chain setting with significant recycling considerations. The nature of the engineering design decision in our research entails choice of integral versus modular design that has direct implications for the input raw material waste and ensuing compe...

In this section we numerically extend the analytical insights regarding heterogeneous unreliable Tier 2 suppliers derived in the main text to a more general case in which Tier 2 suppliers may di↵er in both procurement cost and disruption risk, which we denote cj and j , j = 1, 2. As in the main text, we assume that 1  2, but the cost parameters may be ordered in any way. Our chief goal is to c...

The femtocell overlaid cellular network (FOCN) has been used to enhance the capacity of existing cellular systems. To obtain the desired system performance, both cross-tier interference and co-tier interference in an FOCN need to be managed. This paper proposes an interference management scheme that adaptively constructs a femtocell cluster, which is a group of femtocell base stations that shar...

In a two-tier industry with an upstream monopolist supplier and downstream competition differentiated goods, we show that passive partial forward integration (PPFI) has ambiguous effects on welfare. When vertical trading is conducted via linear tariffs, PPFI pro-competitive welfare-increasing. While under two-part it anti-competitive welfare-decreasing. These hold irrespectively of the degree p...

In a two-tier industry with an upstream monopolist supplier and downstream competition differentiated goods, we show that passive partial forward ownership (PPFO) has ambiguous effects on welfare. When vertical trading is conducted via linear tariffs, PPFO pro-competitive welfare-increasing. While under two-part it anti-competitive welfare-decreasing. These hold irrespectively of the degree pro...

In this paper, we consider a relative received link power (RRLP)-based coordinated multi-point (CoMP) joint transmission (JT) in the multi-tier ultra-dense networks (UDN). CoMP scheme, identify cooperating base stations (BSs) by comparing average (ARLP) of neighbouring BSs with respect to BS having strongest ARLP (i.e., main BS) user. To analyze performance scheme downlink UDN, first approximat...

Purpose of the paper and literature addressed: The purpose of this research is to understand why early supplier integration in new product development repeatedly fails and how to select the right suppliers to avoid supplier obstructionism. We review the literature on early supplier integration. Research method: We conducted a consortial benchmarking study, involving seven firms as part of the r...

Business clusters and global value chains (GVCs) command growing interest in some research disciplines. In the existing literature overwhelmingly focus on two niches: governance and upgrading. The detailed mechanisms of buyer-supplier relationship management tend to remain under-researched. This paper presents a framework base on the literature on the literature of International Marketing and P...

In this paper, we investigate the coverage performance and energy efficiency of multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) which are composed of macrocells and different types of small cells, i.e., picocells and femtocells. By virtue of stochastic geometry tools, we model the multi-tier HetNets based on a Poisson point process (PPP) and analyze the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) v...