A space toilet is a toilet that can be used in a low gravity environment. In the absence of gravity the collection and retention of liquid and solid waste is directed by use of air flow instead of water. Generally, the human waste is separated and solid wastes are compressed and stored on-board, and then removed after landing. Waste water is vented to space. The air is filtered to remove odor a...

In the real world, people often reuse their knowledge in dealing with daily life problems. They can observe facts in an environment and recall similar experience in the past to deal with new situations. This phenomenon implies that there must be some features for people to compare the similarity between two environments. For example, toilet papers are usually placed nearby cashiers in different...

This paper examines the relationship between sanitation and the risk of child mortality in Ghana in 1971. In addition to using the presence or absence of toilet and water facilities in the home as an indicator of sanitation, combinations of the types of toilet or water facilities and the education of the mother are used. The results of the analysis show that although better facilities for examp...

This paper looks at the discursive and interactional structures to be found in male toilet graffiti at a British university. Traditionally, toilet graffiti has been discussed in terms of thematic content and the possible psychological and socioanthropological impacts on it. By contrast, this study draws on work in conversation analysis and discourse studies to investigate patterns of interactio...

Background Scalds from domestic hot water are an important public health problem in New Zealand (NZ). Aims We aimed to study the hot water hazard in a yet unstudied setting: that of campgrounds. Methods Convenience sampling was performed involving 25 NZ campgrounds. These were sampled during summer months over a 4-year period (2008–2011) and in five different regions. We measured the temperatur...

Paediatricians are asked frequently about the timing and method for toilet learning. As with many behavioural issues, there are no concrete answers to such questions. Reaching this developmental milestone can be difficult for both the child and parents. To help facilitate the toilet learning process, physicians should inform parents about the ‘child-oriented’ approach before the process starts,...