In earlier work a toll pricing framework for congestion pricing has been developed for both fixed and elastic demand traffic assignment models as an alternative to traditional marginal social cost pricing. Within the framework it is possible to define alternative objectives such as minimizing toll costs, minimizing the number of toll booths, etc. This paper will report the results of recent com...

Most Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems around the world are implemented by DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) technology. The concept proposed is of automatic toll tax payment system and the amount transaction information sends to the cell phone of the motorists through the GSM modem technology. It is an innovative technology for expressway network automatic toll collection solut...

This project reveals about the design and development of automated toll collection through license plate recognition. Toll gates are normally well thought-out a cause inconvenience to by travellers not only for the expenditure of the toll but also for the delay at toll counters, toll roads and bridges. If the vehicles belong to the authorized person, it automatically opens and closes the toll g...

Innate immunity mediated by Toll signalling has been extensively studied, but how Toll signalling is precisely controlled in balancing innate immune responses remains poorly understood. It was reported that the plasma membrane localization of Drosophila MyD88 is necessary for the recruitment of cytosolic adaptor Tube to the cell surface, thus contributing to Toll signalling transduction. Here w...

This paper focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. Research on ETC has been around since 1992, during which RFID tags began to be widely used in vehicles to automate toll processes [1]. The proposed RFID system uses tags that are mounted on the windshields of vehicles, through which information embedded on the tags are read b...

I.1 TOLL CONCESSIONS ...............................................................................................5 I.1.1 Toll system advantages and disadvantages I.I.2. Toll system functions I.1.3. Acceptability of toll systems in Europe I.2 SHADOW TOLL CONCESSIONS...............................................................................14 I.2.1 Definition I.2.2 Shadow toll practice in ...

systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a chronic autoimmune disease which results in damage to various organs. some animal studies have revealed that activation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) is important in the pathogenesis of sle. in the present study, the percentage of different immune cell subsets in 35 sle patients and 38 control subjects was analyzed by flow cytometry. we also assessed the ...

background: stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. in this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of tlr2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate th...