The microdialysis technique was applied to detect the changes in the activity of acetylcholine (ACh) neurons in the rat brain. The effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of toluene on the amount of ACh release from the nerve terminals of the brain cholinergic neurons were investigated in freely moving rats. In the striatum, injection of toluene decreased the extracellular concentration of ...

Vapor-phase methylation of toluene using methanol and its isopropylation with 2-propanol has been investigated ina down flow reactor under atmospheric conditions using N2 carrier over a series of surface modified andunmodified ZSM-5 (Si/Al= 60-170) loaded with H3PO4, differing in the external surface treatment of the zeolites.The feed molar ratios of toluene/methanol and toluene/2-propanol were...

Toluene abuse during pregnancy results in newborns with fetal solvent syndrome. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been identified as a target site for toluene. Since the normal function of NMDA receptor is critical for synaptogenesis, the long-term effects of toluene exposure during synaptogenesis on the neurobehavioral function and the expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, an...

A pure yeast strain Candida tropicalis was immobilized on the matrix of powdered activated carbon, sodium alginate, and polyethylene glycol (PSP beads). The immobilized beads were used as fluidized material in a bioreactor to remove toluene from gaseous stream. Applied toluene loadings were 15.4 and 29.8 g/m(3) h in Step 1 and Step 2, respectively, and toluene removal was found above 95% during...

A trickling ®lter packed with PVC 16 mm Raschig rings was used to study the degradation of toluene in a polluted air stream, by means of a bacterial bio®lm of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17484. A polluted stream was simulated by blending air with a controlled amount of toluene. The mixing was accomplished in a special mixing chamber designed for that purpose. Induction of the enzymes of the toluene...

Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E is tolerant to toluene and other toxic hydrocarbons through extrusion of the toxic compounds from the cell by means of three efflux pumps, TtgABC, TtgDEF, and TtgGHI. To identify other cellular factors that allow the growth of P. putida DOT-T1E in the presence of high concentrations of toluene, we performed two-dimensional gel analyses of proteins extracted from cultu...

CONTEXT Toluene inhalation is a common form of drug abuse throughout the world. Acute toluene toxicity causes neurological changes as well as various metabolic alterations. Hypokalemic paralysis and renal failure are life-threatening complications. OBJECTIVE To identify the clinical and metabolic alterations associated with toluene intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively anal...

The purpose of this investigation was to compare blood toluene levels in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral and inhalation administration. Groups of 30 rats were dosed by gavage with 86.7, 217, 433, or 867 mg toluene/kg body wt or exposed for up to 6 hr, 5 rats per exposure, to an atmosphere of either 200 or 1000 ppm toluene. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture from 5 rats in each of the six dose...

In Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E multidrug efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family make a major contribution to solvent resistance. Two pumps have been identified: TtgABC, expressed constitutively, and TtgDEF, induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. A double mutant lacking both efflux pumps was able to survive a sudden toluene shock if and only if preinduced with small amounts of tolue...

Knowledge of the appropriate metric of dose for a toxic chemical facilitates quantitative extrapolation of toxicity observed in the laboratory to the risk of adverse effects in the human population. Here, we utilize a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for toluene, a common volatile organic compound (VOC), to illustrate that its acute behavioral effects in rats can be quantitative...