Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, badly affected by contagious transboundary apthoviral disease ungulate animals; foot mouth (FMD) virus. FMD endemic in Pakistan has caused significant economic loss to dairy industry form profound decrease milk production increased morbidity...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Phenotypic plasticity and convergent evolution have long complicated traditional morphological taxonomy. Fortunately, DNA sequences provide an additional basis for comparison, independent of morphology. Most importantly, by obtaining DNA sequences from historical type specimens, we are now able to unequivocally match species names to genetic groups, often with surprising re...

DNA barcoding of aquatic macroinvertebrates holds much promise as a tool for taxonomic research and for providing the reliable identifications needed for water quality assessment programs. A prerequisite for identification using barcodes is a reliable reference library. We gathered 4165 sequences from the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene representing 264 n...

Genomic amplification of the VP1 gene of SAT-type foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was performed with published and novel oligonucleotide primers. The primer pair with the highest SAT-type recognition (67%) was identified and selected for optimization. Modifications to primers significantly improved SAT-type detection (100%), broadened the recognition range to European (A, O and C) and Asian...

Serotype O is the most prevalent of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus and occurs in many parts of the world. The UPGMA method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences at the 3' end of the VP1 gene from 105 FMD type O viruses obtained from samples submitted to the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD. This analysis identified eight maj...

In a taxonomic review of the species of the Heterodera "cacti group," H. thornei n. sp. is described and illustrated from Miner's lettuce in California. This new species is distinguishable especially by havpunctate egg shells and a larval stylet (27 mum) and tail (56 mum) longer than other related species. Heterodera weissi is redescribed, type specimens are designated, and new data added on th...

SAT 2 is the serotype most often associated with outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in livestock in southern and western Africa and is the only SAT type to have been recorded outside the African continent in the last decade. Its epidemiology is complicated by the presence of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), which play an important role in virus maintenance and transmission. To assess t...

A robust and consistent taxonomy underpins the use of fossil material in palaeoenvironmental research and long-term assessment of biodiversity. This study presents a new integrated taxonomic protocol for benthic foraminifera by unequivocally reconciling the traditional taxonomic name to a specific genetic type. To implement this protocol, a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)...

The nucleotide sequences of the complete VP(1)-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), type O, isolated during the recent emergencies of the disease in free areas of South America (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, October 2005, and Corrientes, Argentina, February 2006), were determined. Also established were the complete VP(1)-coding sequences of viruses occurring in neighbouring loc...

The entire genome of the reference strain of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 16 (strain RSArrrr/16) was sequenced (a total of 23,518 base pairs). The virus was obtained from the Orbivirus Reference Collection (ORC) at IAH, Pirbright, United Kingdom. The virus strain, which was previously provided by the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in South Africa, was originally isolated from th...